Optimisation simultanée des rotations et des blocs mensuels des équipages aériens

R´esum´e Le probl`eme int´egr´e de la construction des rotations et des blocs mensuels des pilotes consiste `a d´eterminer un ensemble de rotations et de blocs mensuels pour les pilotes tels que chaque segment de vol est couvert par une seule rotation et un seul bloc, et ce, tout en satisfaisant des contraintes suppl´ementaires comme la disponibilit´e des pilotes dans chaque base. Une rotation est une s´equence de vols effectu´ee par un ´equipage durant une p´eriode donn´ee partant et revenant `a la mˆeme base. Un bloc (ou horaire) mensuel est une s´equence de rotations s´epar´ees par des p´eriodes de repos. La construction des rotations et des blocs mensuels doit ˆetre conforme aux r`egles de la s´ecurit´e a´erienne, aux r`egles d’op´eration de la compagnie et aux r`egles contenues dans les conventions collectives entre les employ´es et la compagnie a´erienne. `A part l’introduction, la revue de litt´erature et la conclusion, cette th`ese est compos´ee de trois chapitres principaux dont chacun pr´esente les travaux r´ealis´ees pour un objectif de recherche bien pr´ecis. Ces trois chapitres utilisent les mˆemes instances du probl`eme bas´ees sur des donn´ees r´eelles fournies par une grande compagnie a´erienne am´ericaine. Le probl`eme de construction des rotations se r´esout traditionnellement en trois phases de mani`ere s´equentielle : un probl`eme journalier, un probl`eme hebdomadaire et un probl`eme mensuel. Cette approche interdit la r´ep´etition du mˆeme num´ero de vol dans une rotation. Le premier objectif de cette th`ese est de mettre en ´evidence deux faiblesses de cette approche s´equentielle et proposer `a la place une approche alternative qui permet la r´ep´etition des vols dans une mˆeme rotation. Premi`erement, nous montrons que lorsque l’horaire des vols est irr´egulier, les deux premi`eres phases ne sont qu’une perte de temps et on peut obtenir de meilleures solutions en moins de temps si le probl`eme mensuel est r´esolu directement en utilisant une approche d’horizon fuyant faisant appel `a une m´ethode de g´en´eration de colonnes. En effet, cette approche a permis de diminuer le gras de la solution de 34% en moyenne o`u le gras est une mesure de qualit´e portant sur le pourcentage du temps non travaill´e mais pay´e durant un horizon. Deuxi`emement, mˆeme si l’horaire des vols est compl`etement r´egulier, la qualit´e de la solution est meilleure si le probl`eme hebdomadaire est trait´e directement sans exploiter le probl`eme journalier. En effet, les diff´erents tests ont montr´e qu’une moyenne de 48.8% des rotations contiennent des r´ep´etitions causant une r´eduction moyenne de 16% dans le gras.----------Abstract The integrated crew pairing and crew assignment problem for pilots consists of producing a minimum-cost set of pairings and schedules such that each flight leg is covered once by one pairing and one schedule, and side constraints are satisfied such as pilot availability in each crew base station. A pairing is a sequence of duties separated by rest periods that must start and end at the same crew base. A duty is a sequence of flights separated by connections and ground waiting times, forming a working day for a crew. The construction of pairings and schedules must respect all safety and collective agreement rules. Besides the introduction, literature review and conclusion, this thesis is composed of three main chapters where each one presents the performed work for a specific research objective. These three chapters use the same problem instances based on real-data provided by a major US airline. The crew pairing problem has been traditionally solved in the industry by a heuristic three-phase approach that solves sequentially a daily, a weekly, and a monthly problem. This approach prohibits the repetition of the same flight number in a pairing. The first objective in this thesis is to highlight two weaknesses of the three-phase approach and propose an alternative solution approach that exploits flight number repetitions in pairings. First, when the flight schedule is irregular, we show that better quality solutions can be obtained in less computational times if the first two phases are skipped and the monthly problem is solved directly using a rolling horizon approach based on column generation. In fact, this approach has reduced the solution fat by 34%. The solution fat is a quality measure that shows the percentage of time not worked but paid. Second, even if the flight schedule is completely regular, we show that better quality solutions can be derived by skipping the daily problem phase and solving the weekly problem directly. Indeed, the proportion of pairings with such repetitions represents 48.8% causing a mean reduction in the solution fat by 16%. In practice, both the crew pairing and crew assignment problems are independently modeled and sequentially solved. The use of a sequential approach considerably reduces the complexity of the global problem but produces solutions that may not be conform with airline desires. The second objective in this thesis is to propose a model that fully integrates the crew pairing and crew assignment problems and solve it in a single step. Due to the large size of this integrated model, we propose a solution method that combines a column generation and a dynamic constraint aggregation method. Since the latter method requires a good initial partition, this partition is provided by a set of pairings found with the sequentia

Integrated airline crew scheduling: A bi-dynamic constraint aggregation method using neighborhoods

The integrated crew scheduling (ICS) problem consists of determining, for a set of available crew members, least-cost schedules that cover all flights and respect various safety and collective agreement rules. A schedule is a sequence of pairings interspersed by rest periods that may contain days off. A pairing is a sequence of flights, connections, and rests starting and ending at the same crew base. Given its high complexity, the ICS problem has been traditionally tackled using a sequential two-stage approach, where a crew pairing problem is solved in the first stage and a crew assignment problem in the second stage. Recently, Saddoune et al. (2010b) developed a model and a column generation/dynamic constraint aggregation method for solving the ICS problem in one stage. Their computational results showed that the integrated approach can yield significant savings in total cost and number of schedules, but requires much higher computational times than the sequential approach. In this paper, we enhance this method to obtain lower computational times. In fact, we develop a bi-dynamic constraint aggregation method that exploits a neighborhood structure when generating columns (schedules) in the column generation method. On a set of seven instances derived from real-world flight schedules, this method allows to reduce the computational times by an average factor of 2.3, while improving the quality of the computed solutions.OR in airlines Crew scheduling Integrated crew pairing and crew assignment Column generation Bi-dynamic constraint aggregation